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Cybersecurity, Data and Tech

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On July 4, 2025, the One Big, Beautiful Bill Act was signed into law, making important changes to the Internal Revenue Code. The Act has implications for US and non-US companies and their domestic and international transactions, capital investment, and research and development activities, amongst other areas, which carry significant weight for the cryptocurrency/digital asset industry. From cryptocurrency exchanges, payment processors, asset managers and cryptocurrency funds to mining companies, token issuers, custodians, and centralized or decentralized lending platforms, the Act’s provisions reshape the tax landscape in ways that demand close attention.

Fraud poses significant legal, financial, and reputational risks for organizations. The FBI’s 2025 Internet Crime Report highlights over $16 billion in losses due to internet-related crimes, including phishing, extortion, and personal data breaches. ISO 37003, published in May 2025, provides guidelines for managing fraud risks through prevention, detection, response, and evaluation. Effective fraud control systems help organizations comply with legal standards and mitigate liability. ISO 37003 can integrate with other ISO standards to create a comprehensive Governance, Risk, and Compliance framework, aiding organizations in safeguarding against both internal and external fraud.

In a joint response to a public forum letter, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) and the Cyber Security Agency of Singapore (CSA) announced that they are considering requiring vendors to obtain national cybersecurity certifications, namely the Cyber Essentials or Cyber Trust mark, before they can be licensed or bid for government contracts involving access to sensitive data or systems.
This move follows a recent data breach involving a third-party vendor and underscores the growing regulatory focus on third-party cybersecurity risks.

In an era of intensifying geopolitical tensions, companies with operations in the U.S. must navigate an increasingly fragmented and national security-driven regulatory landscape governing cross-border transfers of many different types of data, including personal data and technical information used in R&D and patent filings. The US Department of Justice’s new Data Security Program (DSP) essentially prohibits US persons from making certain volumes of Americans’ personal data available to entities headquartered or residing in China (including Hong Kong and Macau), Russia, Venezuela, Iran, Cuba, or North Korea, or their subsidiaries in other countries, unless an exception applies.

In a landmark ruling, the Pretoria High Court in Standard Bank v South African Reserve Bank ruled that cryptocurrencies do not constitute “capital” under South Africa’s Exchange Control Regulations. This means crypto assets are not subject to the country’s strict exchange control regime, offering long-awaited clarity for the crypto industry. While this judgment removes the need for SARB approval to export crypto, the relief may be temporary, as future legislative amendments could reassert regulatory oversight. For now, the decision marks a significant shift in how digital assets are treated under South African financial law.

On 6 May 2025, the California Privacy Protection Agency (CPPA) announced an enforcement action against clothing designer Todd Snyder, Inc. to pay a fine of USD 345,178 and adopt new practices to resolve violations of the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). The CPPA alleged that the retailer violated the CCPA by: (i) imposing excessive hurdles for consumer requests to opt out of third-party tracking technologies; (ii) failing to honor these requests because of misconfigurations; and (iii) failing to monitor its consent management platform.

The Indonesian government has just issued a much-anticipated regulations that is closely connected with two important elements in society: children and technology. This new regulation introduces new obligations and prohibitions for electronic system operators in relation to the access and use of electronic systems by children.

In April, the Information Regulator published amendments to the Protection of Personal Information Act (POPIA) Regulations, significantly enhancing privacy protections for South Africans. These changes simplify the processes for objecting to data processing, requesting corrections or deletions, and obtaining consent for direct marketing. They also introduce new responsibilities for information officers and allow for administrative fines to be paid in installments.

Following the public consultation in 2024, the Personal Data Protection Commissioner has now issued the Personal Data Protection Guideline on Cross Border Personal Data Transfer (Guideline).
The Guideline provides guidance on the operationalization of section 129 of the Personal Data Protection Act 2010 and sets out specific responsibilities of data controllers when transferring personal data to any place outside Malaysia.